Caravan power can seem complicated, but most setups combine three things: a 12V battery system for everyday loads, a way to charge it (solar, your car, or mains), and 240V from a powered site or an inverter.
The 12V system
Most caravans run lights, the water pump, USB outlets, fans and often the fridge (in 12V mode) from a house battery.
- Battery capacity is usually given in amp-hours (Ah). Higher capacity means longer between charges.
- Battery types include lead-acid/AGM and lithium (LiFePO4). They need different chargers and settings, so follow the battery maker’s specs.
- A battery monitor shows how much charge you have and how fast you’re using it.
Charging options
- Solar panels (roof-mounted or portable) through a solar regulator/controller. Output depends heavily on sun, season, shade and panel angle.
- DC-DC charger from the tow vehicle while driving.
- 240V charger when plugged into a powered site.
- Generator where allowed. Many campgrounds restrict generator hours or ban them.
240V and inverters
On a powered site, the caravan’s mains system runs the air-con, microwave and power points. An inverter turns 12V battery power into 240V for small appliances when you’re off-grid, but high-wattage appliances drain batteries quickly.
Estimate your daily use
Formula: for each appliance, amps × hours used per day = amp-hours (Ah) per day. Add them up, then compare with your battery’s usable capacity and your realistic daily charging.
| Appliance | Amps (from label) | Hours/day | Ah/day |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fridge (12V) | |||
| Lights | |||
| Water pump | |||
| Phones/devices | |||
| Total |
Use your own appliance labels or manuals. Real figures vary widely.
Practical habits
- Test every system at home before a trip, on 240V and on 12V
- Use a heavy-duty outdoor extension lead and the correct adaptor on powered sites
- Never run a lead through a window or door where it can be pinched
- Switch the fridge to its travel mode as your manual directs
- Keep vents clear on fridges and chargers
Gas appliances
If your fridge or heater runs on gas, follow your state’s gas safety regulator. For example, Victoria’s plumbing regulator advises keeping vents clear and checking connections with soapy water, and says gas work must be done by a licensed gasfitter (Victorian Building Authority).
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